Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 Security Technical Implementation Guide

Overview

VersionDateFinding Count (92)Downloads
12025-06-30CAT I (High): 4CAT II (Medium): 62CAT III (Low): 26
STIG Description
This Security Technical Implementation Guide is published as a tool to improve the security of Department of Defense (DOD) information systems. The requirements are derived from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 800-53 and related documents. Comments or proposed revisions to this document should be sent via email to the following address: disa.stig_spt@mail.mil.
ClassifiedPublicSensitive
I - Mission Critical ClassifiedI - Mission Critical PublicI - Mission Critical Sensitive
II - Mission Support ClassifiedII - Mission Support PublicII - Mission Support Sensitive
III - Administrative ClassifiedIII - Administrative PublicIII - Administrative Sensitive

Findings - MAC I - Mission Critical Public

Finding IDSeverityTitleDescription
V-267958
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow backup to remote systems (iCloud).If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-267959
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow backup to remote systems (iCloud document and data synchronization).If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-267960
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow backup to remote systems (iCloud Keychain).If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-267961
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow backup to remote systems (Cloud Photo Library).If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-267962
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow backup to remote systems (iCloud Photo Sharing, also known as Shared Stream or Shared Photo Stream).If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-267963
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow backup to remote systems (managed applications data stored in iCloud).If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-267964
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow backup to remote systems (enterprise books).If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-267987
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to enforce a minimum password length of six characters.Password strength is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting guessing and brute force attacks. The ability to crack a password is a ...
V-267988
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to not allow passwords that include more than four repeating or sequential characters.Password strength is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting guessing and brute force attacks. Passwords that contain repeating or s...
V-267990
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to lock the display after 15 minutes (or less) of inactivity.The screen lock timeout must be set to a value that helps protect the device from unauthorized access. Having a too-long timeout would increase the wi...
V-267991
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to not allow more than 10 consecutive failed authentication attempts.The more attempts an adversary has to guess a password, the more likely the adversary will enter the correct password and gain access to resources on ...
V-267993
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to enforce an application installation policy by specifying one or more authorized application repositories, including [selection: DOD-approved commercial app repository, MDM server, mobile application store].Forcing all applications to be installed from authorized application repositories can prevent unauthorized and malicious applications from being insta...
V-267995
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not include applications with the following characteristics: access to Siri when the device is locked.Requiring all authorized applications to be in an application allow list prevents the execution of any applications (e.g., unauthorized, malicious) th...
V-267997
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
The Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 allow list must be configured to not include applications with the following characteristics: - Backs up MD data to non-DOD cloud servers (including user and application access to cloud backup services); - Transmits MD diagnostic data to non-DOD servers; - Allows synchronization of data or applications between devices associated with user; - Allows unencrypted (or encrypted but not FIPS 140-3 validated) data sharing with other MDs or printers; - Backs up its own data to a remote system; and - Uses artificial intelligence (AI), which processes data in the cloud (off device). Exception: Apple Intelligence Private Cloud Compute (PCC).Requiring all authorized applications to be in an application allow list prevents the execution of any applications (e.g., unauthorized, malicious) th...
V-267998
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to not display notifications when the device is locked.Many mobile devices display notifications on the lock screen so users can obtain relevant information in a timely manner without having to frequently ...
V-267999
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not display notifications (calendar information) when the device is locked.Many mobile devices display notifications on the lock screen so users can obtain relevant information in a timely manner without having to frequently ...
V-268013
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to not allow backup of [all applications, configuration data] to locally connected systems.Data on mobile devices is protected by numerous mechanisms, including user authentication, access control, and cryptography. When the data is backed u...
V-268017
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow non-DOD applications to access DOD data.App data sharing gives apps the ability to access the data of other apps for enhanced user functionality. However, sharing also poses a significant ri...
V-268018
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iPadOS 18 must be configured to disable multiuser modes.Multiuser mode allows multiple users to share a mobile device by providing a degree of separation between user data. To date, no mobile device with mu...
V-268019
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to [selection: wipe protected data, wipe sensitive data] upon unenrollment from MDM.When a mobile device is no longer going to be managed by MDM technologies, its protected/sensitive data must be sanitized because it will no longer be...
V-268020
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to [selection: remove Enterprise applications, remove all noncore applications (any nonfactory-installed application)] upon unenrollment from MDM.When a mobile device is no longer going to be managed by MDM technologies, its protected/sensitive data must be sanitized because it will no longer be...
V-268022
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to disable ad hoc wireless client-to-client connection capability.Ad hoc wireless client-to-client connections allow mobile devices to communicate with each other directly, circumventing network security policies and...
V-268028
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: encrypt backups/Encrypt local backup.If iCloud backups are not encrypted, this could lead to the unauthorized disclosure of DOD sensitive information if non-DOD personnel are able to acce...
V-268033
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: disable Allow MailDrop.MailDrop allows users to send large attachments (up to 5 GB) via iCloud. Storing data with a non-DOD cloud provider may leave the data vulnerable to b...
V-268035
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: use SSL for Exchange ActiveSync.Exchange email messages are a form of data in transit and thus are vulnerable to eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. Secure Sockets Layer (SS...
V-268036
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: not allow messages in an ActiveSync Exchange account to be forwarded or moved to other accounts in the Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 Mail app.The Apple iOS/iPadOS Mail app can be configured to support multiple email accounts concurrently. These email accounts are likely to involve content of...
V-268037
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: treat AirDrop as an unmanaged destination.AirDrop is a way to send contact information or photos to other users with AirDrop enabled. This feature enables a possible attack vector for adversar...
V-268039
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: not share location data through iCloud.Sharing of location data is an operational security (OPSEC) risk because it potentially allows an adversary to determine a DOD user's location, moveme...
V-268041
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 users must complete required training.The security posture on iOS devices requires the device user to configure several required policy rules on their device. User-Based Enforcement (UBE) ...
V-268042
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
A managed photo app must be used to take and store work-related photos.The iOS Photos app is unmanaged and may sync photos with a device or user's personal iCloud account. Therefore, work-related photos must not be taken ...
V-268044
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: enable USB Restricted Mode.The USB port on an iOS device can be used to access data on the device. The required settings ensure the Apple device password is entered before a pre...
V-268047
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: disable AirDrop.AirDrop is a way to send contact information or photos to other users with this same feature enabled. This feature enables a possible attack vector fo...
V-268048
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: disable paired Apple Watch.Sensitive DOD information could be exposed if an unauthorized Apple Watch is paired to a DOD iPhone. SFRID: FMT_SMF.1.1 #47...
V-268049
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: approved Apple Watches must be managed by an MDM.Authorizing official (AO) approval is required before an Apple Watch (DOD-owned or personally owned) can be paired with a DOD-owned iPhone to ensure t...
V-268050
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable "Password AutoFill" in browsers and applications.The AutoFill functionality in browsers and applications allows the user to complete a form that contains sensitive information, such as PII, without p...
V-268051
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable "Allow setting up new nearby devices".This control allows Apple device users to request passwords from nearby devices. This could lead to a compromise of the device password with an unauth...
V-268052
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable password proximity requests.This control allows one Apple device to be notified to share its password with a nearby device. This could lead to a compromise of the device password...
V-268053
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable password sharing.This control allows sharing passwords between Apple devices using AirDrop. This could lead to a compromise of the device password with an unauthorized...
V-268055
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
The Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be supervised by the MDM.When an iOS/iPadOS is not supervised, the DOD mobile service provider cannot control when new iOS/iPadOS updates are installed on site-managed devices...
V-268056
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable "Allow USB drive access in Files app" if the authorizing official (AO) has not approved the use of DOD-approved USB storage drives with iOS/iPadOS devices.Unauthorized use of USB storage drives could lead to the introduction of malware or unauthorized software into the DOD IT infrastructure and compromis...
V-268058
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS must implement the management setting: not allow a user to remove Apple iOS configuration profiles that enforce DOD security requirements.Configuration profiles define security policies on Apple iOS devices. If a user is able to remove a configuration profile, the user can then change th...
V-268059
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable "Allow network drive access in Files access".Allowing network drive access by the Files app could lead to the introduction of malware or unauthorized software into the DOD IT infrastructure and c...
V-268060
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable connections to Siri servers for the purpose of dictation.If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-268061
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable connections to Siri servers for the purpose of translation.If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-268062
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable copy/paste of data from managed to unmanaged applications.If a user is able to configure the security setting, the user could inadvertently or maliciously set it to a value that poses unacceptable risk to DOD...
V-268063
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must have DOD root and intermediate PKI certificates installed.DOD root and intermediate PKI certificates are used to verify the authenticity of PKI certificates of users and web services. If the user is allowed t...
V-268064
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to disable "Auto Unlock" of the iPhone by an Apple Watch.Auto Unlock allows an Apple Watch to automatically unlock an iPhone or Mac when in close proximity (not available for iPad). This feature allows the i...
V-268065
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the installation of alternative marketplace apps.Forcing all applications to be installed from authorized application repositories can prevent unauthorized and malicious applications from being insta...
V-268066
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable app installation from a website.Forcing all applications to be installed from authorized application repositories can prevent unauthorized and malicious applications from being insta...
V-268067
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must delete eSIM content when the device is erased.An eSIM may contain sensitive DOD data and must be wiped of data when the mobile device is wiped to protect sensitive data from exposure. SFRID: FMT_...
V-268068
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable ChatGPT and other external AI app connections in Apple Intelligence.The ChatGPT feature of Apple Intelligence allows DOD information to be downloaded from the DOD iPhone/iPad and processed by the ChatGPT application in...
V-269568
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the download of iOS/iPadOS beta updates.Beta operating system updates may contain features that could lead to the compromise of sensitive DOD information or provide a vector for the attack o...
V-272170
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable recording cell phone calls on the iPhone.Cell phone recordings are saved as unmanaged recordings in the Notes app, which may be accessible to unmanaged apps. There is a risk that sensitive DO...
V-272171
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable iPhone Mirroring on Mac.iPhone Mirroring allows managed data on a DOD iPhone to be manipulated by an unmanaged Mac. In certain situations, this may lead to the exposure of s...
V-276196
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
DOD Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 devices must disable FaceTime.FaceTime is considered a personal use feature....
V-276197
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
DOD Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 devices must disable eSIM transfers.eSIM transfers could lead to the unauthorized use of DOD paid cellular service....
V-276198
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
DOD Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 devices must disable screenshots and screen recordings.A screenshot or screen recording of sensitive DOD information could lead to the inadvertent exposure of that information....
V-276199
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the ability of the user to wipe the device.This feature must be disabled to comply with DOD electronic records retention requirements for mobile devices. Otherwise, mobile device users could wi...
V-276203
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable automatic downloads of apps purchased on other Apple devices.The automatic download of apps to a DOD mobile device could cause the exposure of sensitive DOD information when an unauthorized app is installed. SF...
V-276204
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable pairing with a host Mac or PC.The connection of a DOD iPhone to a Mac or PC could cause the exposure of sensitive DOD information. SFR ID: FMT_MOF_EXT.1.2 #47...
V-276214
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
DOD Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 devices must have a Mobile Threat Detection (MTD) app installed.DOD mobile devices are at constant risk of cyber threats. MTD apps mitigate these risks by providing real-time threat detection, malware prevention, a...
V-276224
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: disable Camera.Authorizing Official (AO) approval is required before the Apple device camera can be enabled for a specific user or group of users, based on a risk as...
V-267937
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must allow the administrator (MDM) to perform the following management function: enable/disable VPN protection across the device and [selection: on a per-app basis, on a per-group of applications processes basis].The system administrator must have the capability to configure VPN access to meet organization-specific policies based on mission needs. Otherwise, a ...
V-268007
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to display the DOD advisory warning message at startup or each time the user unlocks the device.Before granting access to the system, the mobile operating system is required to display the DOD-approved system use notification message or banner th...
V-268026
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: limit Ad Tracking.Ad Tracking refers to the advertisers' ability to categorize the device and spam the user with ads that are most relevant to the user's preferences. B...
V-268027
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: not allow automatic completion of Safari browser passcodes.The AutoFill functionality in the Safari web browser allows the user to complete a form that contains sensitive information, such as PII, without prev...
V-268029
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: not allow use of Handoff.Handoff permits a user of an iPhone and iPad to transition user activities from one device to another. Handoff passes sufficient information between t...
V-268030
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: not allow use of iPhone widgets on Mac.iPhone widgets on Mac use Handoff. Handoff permits a user of an iPhone and iPad to transition user activities from one device to another. Handoff pass...
V-268031
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: require the user to enter a password when connecting to an AirPlay-enabled device.When a user is allowed to use AirPlay without a password, it may mistakenly associate the iPhone and iPad with an AirPlay-enabled device other than th...
V-268032
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: require passcode for incoming Airplay connection requests.When an incoming AirPlay request is allowed without a password, it may mistakenly associate the iPhone and iPad with an AirPlay-enabled device other t...
V-268038
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: not have any Family Members in Family Sharing.Apple's Family Sharing service allows Apple iOS/iPadOS users to create a Family Group whose members have several shared capabilities, including the ab...
V-268040
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must implement the management setting: force Apple Watch wrist detection.Because Apple Watch is a personal device, it is key that any sensitive DOD data displayed on the Apple Watch cannot be viewed when the watch is not in...
V-268045
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow managed apps to write contacts to unmanaged contacts accounts.Managed apps have been approved for the handling of DOD sensitive information. Unmanaged apps are provided for productivity and morale purposes but ar...
V-268046
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must not allow unmanaged apps to read contacts from managed contacts accounts.Managed apps have been approved for the handling of DOD sensitive information. Unmanaged apps are provided for productivity and morale purposes but ar...
V-268054
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable "Find My Friends" in the "Find My" app.This control does not share a DOD user's location but encourages location sharing between DOD mobile device users, which can lead to operational secur...
V-268057
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
The Apple iOS must be configured to disable automatic transfer of diagnostic data to an external device other than an MDM service with which the device has enrolled.Many software systems automatically send diagnostic data to the manufacturer or a third-party. This data enables the developers to understand real-wor...
V-276200
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the use of voice assistant (Siri) unless required to meet Section 508 compliance requirements.The use of voice assistants could expose sensitive DOD data to cloud-based servers during the processing of assistant requests. SFR ID: FMT_MOF_EXT.1...
V-276201
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the use of voice assistant (Show user-generated content in Siri) unless required to meet Section 508 compliance requirements.The use of voice assistants could expose sensitive DOD data to cloud-based servers during the processing of assistant requests. SFR ID: FMT_MOF_EXT.1...
V-276202
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the use of voice assistant (Siri suggestions) unless required to meet Section 508 compliance requirements.The use of voice assistants could expose sensitive DOD data to cloud-based servers during the processing of assistant requests. SFR ID: FMT_MOF_EXT.1...
V-276205
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable AirPrint.AirPrint allows the printing of sensitive DOD documents to non-DOD controlled printers, which may lead to the exposure of sensitive DOD information. ...
V-276206
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable AirPrint: Allow discovery of AirPrint printers using iBeacons.AirPrint allows the printing of sensitive DOD documents to non-DOD controlled printers, which may lead to the exposure of sensitive DOD information. ...
V-276207
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable AirPrint: Allow storage of AirPrint credentials in Keychain.AirPrint allows the printing of sensitive DOD documents to non-DOD controlled printers, which may lead to the exposure of sensitive DOD information. ...
V-276208
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must enable AirPrint feature: Disallow AirPrint to destinations with untrusted certificates.AirPrint allows the printing of sensitive DOD documents to non-DOD controlled printers, which may lead to the exposure of sensitive DOD information. ...
V-276209
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable Allowed Content Ratings (Movies).There is no known mission need for this personal use feature. SFR ID: FMT_MOF_EXT.1.2 #47...
V-276210
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable Allowed Content Ratings (TV Shows).There is no known mission need for this personal use feature. SFR ID: FMT_MOF_EXT.1.2 #47...
V-276211
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the Apple Intelligence feature: Image Wand.The security of the Apple Intelligence system has not been vetted by the DOD, and the risk to DOD sensitive information is not known at this time. The...
V-276212
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the Apple Intelligence feature: Image Generation.The security of the Apple Intelligence system has not been vetted by the DOD, and the risk to DOD sensitive information is not known at this time. The...
V-276213
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the Apple Intelligence feature: generate new Genmoji.The security of the Apple Intelligence system has not been vetted by the DOD, and the risk to DOD sensitive information is not known at this time. The...
V-267992
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must be configured to enforce a passcode reuse prohibition of at least two generations.iOS-iPadOS 17 and later versions include a feature that allows the previous passcode to be valid for 72 hours after a passcode change. If the previous...
V-268024
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must require a valid password be successfully entered before the mobile device data is unencrypted.Passwords provide a form of access control that prevents unauthorized individuals from accessing computing resources and sensitive data. Passwords may...
V-268034
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
iPhone and iPad must have the latest available iOS/iPadOS operating system installed.Required security features are not available in earlier OS versions. In addition, earlier versions may have known vulnerabilities. SFRID: FMT_SMF.1.1...
V-272169
LOWMEDIUMHIGH
Apple iOS/iPadOS 18 must disable the ability to hide apps.Hidden apps cannot be seen by enterprise management applications (e.g., MDM server), and therefore, unauthorized apps or apps with embedded malware co...